업데이트됨 2026-07-22
Primary Source
What a primary source is, how it differs from a secondary source, and why the distinction shapes evidence in academic writing.
Definition
A primary source is firsthand evidence about a topic; a secondary source analyzes, interprets, or synthesizes primary sources. The classification depends on the question being asked.
Why it matters
Citations should point to the document that actually supports the claim. Tracing findings to the primary study prevents inherited misreadings and second-hand citation errors.
Related terms
See evidence hierarchy, literature review, and verbatim quotation: hierarchies weight source types, reviews synthesize them, and exact quotation with locators keeps the primary evidence verifiable.
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What is a primary source?
A primary source is firsthand evidence closest to the thing being studied: an original research article reporting new data, a dataset, an experiment record, an interview, a letter, a legal document, or an artifact. A secondary source interprets or synthesizes primary sources — review articles, textbooks, and commentaries are typical examples.
Why does the primary versus secondary distinction matter?
The distinction decides what a citation can support. Citing a review article for a specific finding attributes the claim to the wrong document and can silently inherit the reviewer's interpretation or errors. Careful writers trace important claims back to the primary study, verify the finding there, and cite the document they actually read.
Is a source always primary or always secondary?
No. The classification depends on the question being asked. A newspaper article is a secondary account of an event it reports, but a primary source for a study of press coverage. In empirical fields, the original study is primary for its findings while a meta-analysis is secondary for those findings yet primary for its own pooled estimate.
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Are review articles bad sources?
No. Reviews are valuable for orientation and synthesis. The caution is citing them for specific findings that belong to a primary study.
Can AI summaries serve as sources?
No. A model's summary is not a citable document. Claims should be verified against and cited to the underlying primary or secondary source.